Inroads from Comparative Psychology


George John Romanes (1848-1894)  
"Great chain of being": Continuity of mental abilities
Anecdotal method: Vignettes about intelligence or emotions


C. Lloyed Morgan (1852-1936)
"Morgan's Canon" (derived from "Ockham Razor")
Law of parsimony: Use simplest explanations possible

Objective inferences: Easily observable "powers" (processes)
Projective inferences: "Hidden" subjective mental states

Skeptical of the "existence" of minds in animals (and men)

 Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
First woman to achieve PhD. in psychology
1921 APA president
The Animal Mind - A Textbook of Comparative Psychology
Became a standard text in this area - republished in 1917, 1926, and 1936

 

 Robert Yerkes (1876-1956): Animal psychology
Three levels of consciousness:
Discriminative, intelligent, rational

Criteria for "psychic": Structural and functional