Law of Three Stages:
1. Theological (Spiritual): Animism
2. Metaphysical: Philosophy
3. Positive (Scientific): Natural Science

Only Positive Science is meaningful as it uses
inductive knowledge based on the
verification of observations in experimentation
& comparison of objective facts

Progressive knowledge for social betterment
in abandoning established order or tradition.

Science as a religion seeks ultimate causes to
establish natural Laws for the prediction
and control of the natural world.

Important Works: System of Logic
On Liberty human equality

Scientist's Philosopher: Devoted to describing the principles of Induction

Science seeks to provide empirical laws (limited in circumstance)
from the inductive methods of agreement and disagreement.

However, one should be able to deduce those empirical laws
from "genuine" causal laws of nature.

Mill's Method: Hypotheticodeductive

Predicting rain is not an exact science...

Drew from Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind: Dialectics
Thesis & Antithesis ---) Synthesis
Being & Nothing --) Becoming ...
Idea & Nature ---) Geist (Spirit)

First to articulate distinction between Natural Science and Human Science
Naturwissenschaften vs. Geisteswissenschaften

Father of "Post-Modern" Hermeneutics:

1. Critical (Values): Questioning the purpose
of knowledge production, reflecting Vico's critique
of Descartes' notion of certain objective knowledge

Explicitly recognised human values and ethics

2. Ontological (Assumptions about reality):
Accepting the "vitality and freedom of self reflection"
where "self-consciousness and the world [are]
connected with each other in one [dialectical] system"

Self is embedded in cultural history, identity is conditioned by its milieu

3. Methodological (Methods of knowing):
Knowledge is "always already" situated
within a (historical) context

Hermeneutical Circle: There is
no understanding without pre-understanding
Understanding (verstehen) arrives through expression (artistry)

Understanding identity reveals personal "lived experience"
(erlibnis) against the background of culture

Autobiography is best method for revealing the nature of being human

Note: This foreshadows Erik Erikson's dialectics of identity and the life cycle
- Mutuality of persons "interliving"
- History taking and history making
- Emphasis on identity as both
personal and collective (cultural)

Pioneered psychohistory of identity
e.g., Gandhi’s Truth, …

Science and the dialectics of two World-views:

EXEMPLARY THEORISTS:

Bacon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vico
Hume - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Herder
J.S.Mill - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Schleiermacher
Carnap - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dilthey
Popper - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Heidegger
Wundt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wundt
Skinner - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Erikson

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE:

Universal - etic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Particular - emic
Objective - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Contextual
Analytic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Synoptic
Value-Free - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Value-Sensitive
Permanent Laws - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Historical Accounts
Erklaren (explanation) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Verstehen (understanding)

PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE (PRAXIS):

Techne (technical mastery) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Phronesis (ethical-know-how)
Instrumental - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Emancipatory

ORIENTATION TOWARDS SELF:

Depersonalized - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Personalized
Disengaged observer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Situated observer

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIL AND ACADEMIC IDENTITIES:

Separated - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Integrated

ORIENTATION TO MEANING:

Demonstrative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dialectical
Propositional - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dialogical
Correspondence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Coherence

THEORY BUILDING:

Reductionistic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Holistic
Denotative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Connotative