Affect (or emotion) along with cognition and conation, forms the third part of the trilogy of mind.

Theories of Emotion vary with explanation on the relationship between a bodily response and psychological feeling being primary components. In addition the appraisal of emotions also appears to be important where the cognitive interpretation is said to either precede or follow the affect.

Many view emotions as "psychological responses that involve an interplay among (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behavior, and (3) conscious experience" (Myers, 2003, p.69).

History of the Psychology of Emotions
Wilhelm Wundt tri-dimensional theory involving:
Pleasant vs. unpleasant
High vs. low arousal
Concentrated vs. relaxed attention

Darwin - Evolutionary theory predicts that they are used to communicate among species members.  Threat and anger response, instinctual 'syndrome' or response of 'show' and preparation for action.
Smile for strangers, . . . glare, frown, . . .

James-Lange
Feel the emotion after the "exciting fact" and the bodily response. We recognise that we are running and heart pounding, ... fear (of bear or...).

Cannon-Bard
The simultaneous experience of physiolo gical arousal and subjective experience is the emotion.

Schacter-Singer: Two-factor theory - Requires cognitive appraisal and physiological arousal.  Cognitive interpretation of the physiological arousal is the emotion.    Like going to the dentist
 

Maranonon (1924) found with epinephrine: 29% felt emotion, but 71% felt 'as if' emotion.

  Comparing theories

Primacy of emotion or cognition
Zajonc argues that emotions are primary to thought, arriving prior to cognition, as an independent appraisal system.

Can one experience and emotion without conscious awareness or cognitive appraisal?

Solomon (1993) views the Passions as an appraisal system that evolved prior to our cognitive categorical systems.

Physiology of Emotions: ANS
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to create an ambiance of arousal or activation ranging from deep relaxation to fight or flight response.

Polygraph recording of emotions show very little difference, although anger and fear show some difference in the patterns of activation with which they are associated.

Polygraph in court? What about the workplace?
Showing hidden emotional content (repression?). At best is 66% accurate. Is it valuable or is it dangerous ?

Gender and emotional reactivity
Men tend to be more physiologically sensitive and reactive than women.

Women's  social roles are more open to express emotions,  such as fear, pain, loss, although not anger or aggression.

Expression (& Experience) of Emotions
Emotional Facial Expression

Emotional facial recognition is performed well across cultures. There appears to be a basic biological set of emotion bases that can be mixed or altered into specific cultural emotions.

Putchik's emotion wheel   

Neurocultural theory Paul Ekman offers 7 basic emotions: Anger, Happiness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust, Sadness, Contempt. Have greater agreement for Happiness (88%) than for Sadness (74%) or Anger (59%).

Recent work by Crivelli, Russell, Jarillo & Fernandez-Dols (2016a,b) shows that there is as little as Happy.58, Sad.46, Angry.07, Fear.31, Disgust.25 agreement with the facial expressions for Trobrianders and Happy1.0, Sad.98, Anger.91, Fear.93, Disgust.83 for Spaniards.

Likewise in comparing Trobrianders with others from Papua New Guinea found:
Sad.16, Happy.13, Disgust.06, Anger.03, & Surprise0.0 for the correct identification of emotions in picture and Disgust.38, Sad.29, Surprise.21, Happy.17, Anger.13 in labelling of emotion faces.

They also found that Sad was often confused for Anger, Surprise and Disgust.

Lying and micro emotional expressions facial action coding

Display rules - pertain to how we show our feelings to others. These are unwritten expectations of how people should behave under certain circumstances.

When at a birthday party or a funeral your emotions are expected to be of a certain form. With your teachers, parents or boss versus your friends and colleagues. Men & Women.

Music and Emotion shows that certain musical forms convey sad emotions (slow tempo minor keys) and others happy emotions (up-tempo major keys) although cultural forms of music are fuilly univsersal with respect to emotional labels and meaning. ie. Mozart & Albinoni

Social Construction of emotions
Cultural variation in emotional form and roles has been seen in many places. Catherine Lutz has shown that many emotions are specific to one society where they have deep symbolic meaning. Eg:
Amok, Amae, . . . (pms, . . . road rage . . . wailing)
Schadenfreude - joy at other's misfortune
Irashii - seeing admirable person overcome obstacle
independent-interdependent

Emotional Intelligence EQ
"the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions" (Myers, p.398) Self aware people who can manage emotions, delay gratification, or moderate emotions.

What about complex emotions such as Love?

The varieties of Love

Passionate vs. Compassionate Love
Passionate or Romantic love is seen as intense, unstable, fragile, highly sexualized. 'New Love'.

Compassionate love is seen as deep affection and trust; generally calmer and more stable.

John Alan Lee suggests six styles of Love:

ludus - game playing - love conquests
eros - romatic, passionate love
storge - affectionate -love of friendship
mania - possessive, obsessive love
pragma - practical, 'thinking' love
agape - unselfish, devine or spiritual love

Triangle of Love: The three bases to love give rise to various forms
Passion
Intimacy
Commitment

Gender Culture and love
Gender roles vary greatly across cultures, including their expressions of love. What do you think?
Do you feel like I feel?

In North America
Women tend to express love more in words while men in actions. Not always understanding each other.
 

Evolutionary Adaptation revisited
Fear as an adaptive response mediated by the amygdala, part of the limbic (evaluation) system. Seems as though some of our fears are easier to acquire (spiders, snakes, heights).

Early infant development suggests that much of their communication is emotional. Emotionally interactive where at 1 year 74% of babies cross visual cliff to smiling mother, 0 for frowning.

Attachment & Love
We appear to have a need for affiliation with others and it starts with attachment, or a deep emotional bond.

Harlow's studies on monkeys revealed that those with wire mothers did not stay when feared. Those raised without mothers later were emotionally 'neurotic' and did not know how to mother their own children.

Bowlby suggested that attachment offers an emotional home base from which children can explore.

Ainsworth developed her "strange situation" for testing children's attachment styles.

Attachment Theory of Love
Adult patterns can be found in childhood styles.
Support for Ainsworth's secure, avoidant, ambivalent.
-Secure strong relationships,
-Insecure of shows hostility in relationships and
- Anxious ambivalent often are defensive and fall into
    Revolving door of Love and Abuse

Suggests that the first few months of child care are important, however daycare does not seem to be a factor, except for caregivers who are insensitive and unresponsive where it could be a good thing.