Diversity and Pluralism into the future
OR
(You say you want a Revolution?)

I. Social and Political Revolutions:

Forms of life and Counter Cultures

1950's mainstream "middle-class" life vs. "Beatniks"

1960's mainstream "middle-class" vs. "Hippies" & "Yippies"

From Elvis to the Beatles massive revolutions
in music and popular culture through television and radio

1964 - Ken Kesey & the Electric Kool-aid Acid Test,
the Grateful Dead, Haight-Ashbury, Jefferson Airplane, ...
Sunshine Day Dream - Renaissance Fairgrounds1972

Youth and "negative Identity" challenging the identities
given by parents, teachers, & the "establishment"

1967 - Woodstock, Timothy Leary released from Harvard
War in Viet Nam, moon expeditions, assassinations, Canada's Centennial
Leary returns to Harvard - Erikson Story

Jung became popularized: Archetypes and Mandalas

"Eastern" perspectives: From Alan Watts to Baba Ram Das

Taoism, Tantric Buddhism, Vedanta, & Zen

Canada and Quebec separation, Unity or Diversity?

II. Humanistic Psychology: The Third Force

Challenges to the determinism of psychoanalysis and behaviorism: Free Will

Made use of Existential-Phenomenological perspective in understanding the personal experience of people

Carl Rogers (1902-1987): Client centred therapy

Three modes of knowing:
1) Objective
2) Subjective Personal
3) Subjective 'other' or empathic

1961 - On becoming a person : A "fully functioning" one

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970): Self Actualization

Hierarchy of Needs and personal growth towards fulfillment of authenticity and ataraxia or tranquillity

Peak experiences and B-values: Truth, Beauty, Wholeness, Effortless, Playfulness, Uniqueness, Aliveness

These Influences along with others lead to the development of current positive psychology.

Thomas Szasz: The medical "myth" of mental illness

1952 DSM was developed.
Then grew a critique of the prescription of major tranquilizers and labeling
that grew out of the 50s into today's massive industry
where advertising and sample prescriptions abound.

Contemporary Big Pharma - paying doctors to prescribe,
and paying universities to propose and opppose opponents.

"Stakeholder" in DSM5

III. New Structuralism: Piaget and "Cognitive" psychology

Epistemogenesis : the epigenesis of knowledge where the knower and the known go through
qualitative changes in schematta using  assimilation and accomodation

Sensory Motor Operations
Concrete Operations
Formal Operations

Lawrence Kohlberg and stages of moral reasoning (Heinz)
        Pre-Conventional: Ego oriented
        Conventional: Social & Rule oriented
        Post-Conventional: Principle oriented

Carol Gilligan: Care based morality
        Men typically make use of a disengaged perspective of reason
        Women typically make use of an engaged perspective of care

IV. Feminism and the Womens' Liberation Movement

Sandra Pyke and Cannie Stark-Adamec (1981): The first ten years

1972 - Six women from York University started an "underground" movement

1975 - CPA Task Force on the Status of Women in Canadian Psychology

1980 - Establishment of SWAP: Section on Women and Psychology

• Sex based discrimination in academia: Androcentric bias

• Sex role socialization and stereotyping

• Achievement and low affiliation

• Tension between familial and career goals

Feminism and Applied psychology: Documentation of traditional inadequacies and the development of guidelines for practice and ethical treatment

Meredith Kimball (1986): Ground-breaking from the underground

Goal to eliminate sexist bias: Language, methods, ...

Interdisciplinary orientation is crucial

Goal for consciousness raising and political challenge

Early Feminist scholars:

Helen Bradford Thompson Wooley (1874-1947): 1903 PhD at Chicago Also a leader in rebutting myths Instrumental in the development of Merrill-Palmer Scales of child development

Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939): 1916 PhD at Columbia Refuted myths about women, including the decrement of performance during menstruation

Pioneer in child psychology: First to use term "gifted"

Mary J. Wright (1992): Women Ground-breakers in Canadian psychology 
    Magda Arnold - Expert in Emotions and Mary Salter - Ainsworth on Attachemnt

 Meredith Kimball (1994): Two Traditions of feminist research

Similarities tradition:
Maccoby & Jacklin (1974): The psychology of sex differences

Differences Tradition:
Karen Horney (1926): Critique of Freud's "Penis Envy"

Nancy Chodorow (1974): The reproduction of mothering

Carol Gilligan (1982): In a different voice

Tension between the traditions: Both traditions have strengths in spite of the paradoxical
contradictions seen through their dialectical relationship

Feminism and the philosophy of science: New Hermeneutics
Sandra Harding (1986): Empiricism, standpoint & post-modernism

Frances Cherry - Critical Feminist Social Psychology & Action Research

Neo-Realism and the motor theory of consciousness have developed through behaviorism into information processing

Associationism is present throughout this tradition, along with the reduction of consciousness and thought to logical operations

 Myth of the origin: The "Cognitive Revolution"?

VI. Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence

A.M. Turing (1912-1954): The "Turing Test"

If a person cannot distinguish between a computer and a human respondent the computer has passed
the test of "thought"

 Daniel Dennett (1978): Neo-Functionalism

Computational (mathematical) functions and the formal (logical) rules they imply are the
foundation of all activity  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjbWr3ODbAo

Intentionality is not a special human activity, but rather the "stance" provided by physical operations.

 Stephen Stich (1983): Semantics (meaning) is not reducible to Syntax (form or structure)

 John Searle and the "Chinese Room": Model Confusion
The room does not think, it is the person(s) involved in interaction with it.
The computer is merely a symbol manipulation device

Meteorologists create computer models of hurricanes but they don't believe that the computer has gotten all wet and blown apart inside, so why do cognitive scientists believe they have created intelligence?

New Connectionism: Parallel Distributed Processing

BIG DATA and the collection of information and tracking and manipulation (prediction and control) of your behaviour through online interaction (browesing, shopping, social media,...) closed circut cameras, credit card and spending habits, health insirance and DNA testing (ancestry), human engineering with crysper technology.

      Resurgence of Cognitive Neuro-Science - Imaging techniques make it possible to gain more accurate knowledge of the localization of function in the brain (motor theory of consciousness revisited).

E.g.  you tubes of VS Ramachandran

Cloning and other genetic mapping studies make knowledge of the growth and development (ongoing) of the brain and nervous system  throughout life - > Stem Cell research and plasticity in the brain.

VII. Cultural psychology of Intentional worlds

Heelas and Lock (1982): Indigenous psychologies or worldviews about the self and person are situated in history

Anand Paranjpe (1984/1998): Theoretical Psychology of Indian and European thought

PhD. In India (Poona) following studies in librarianship. Began looking into Caste and Prejudice, inspired by Ambedkar the hero of the untouchables to work towards liberation.

In 1966 Erik Erikson was in India working on his book on Gandhi when he was given a paper written by Paranjpe. After seeking out the author, Erikson joined Paranjpe in hours of conversation culminating in the acceptance of a Fulbright scholarship for post-doctoral studies for Paranjpe at Harvard University.

While at Harvard, he  worked with Erik Erikson as well as Professors: Stanley Milgram, Robert White, Cora DuBois, and Gordon Allport who urged Paranjpe to take a position at the new formed Simon Fraser University near Vancouver BC.   

2023 Anand gave me this account of Skinner and Erikson 

Professor Emeritus in Psychology and Humanities at Simon Fraser University major publication on Self and Identity and on Emotion in Indian and Western Thought.

 Recently published is his book (2024) "Understanding Yoga Psychology: Indigenous psychology with global relevance" which provides a history of Yoga philosophy and psychology including the process of enlightenment (that includes the bodily postures and meditation).    Review 

Elsewhere scholars like Jiddu Krishnamurti   and Anthony De Mello proves guides to the process of enlightenment in a more practical fashion

Richard Shweder (1990): Cultural psychology is the psychological investigation of "forms of life" as intentional worlds imbued with meaning

 There is an emergence of interdisciplinary studies in sociology, anthropology and psychology

Carl Ratner (1997) Cultural psychology and the critique of logical positive models cross-cultural psychology

Michael Cole (1996). Cultural psychology: A once a future discipline. Drawing from the Russian Historical cultural psychology of Vygotsky & Luria as well as American Pragmatism. (See Tonks 2015 and Tonks 2017a)

Jaan Valsiner is arguably the leading scholar in this area today, founding editor of "Culture & Psychology" journal

He is the lead scholar at Aalborg univeristy in Copenhagen Denmark